NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION IN ANIMALS

NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION IN ANIMALS

NERVOUS SYSTEM OF COCKROACH

           

A) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

                        a) Supra oesophageal ganglia (Brain)

                                                I. Protocerebrum (Dorsal)

                                                II. Deutocerebrum (Middle)

                                                III.Tritocerebrum (Ventrolateral)

                        b) Sub- oesophageal ganglia (a pair)

                        c) Circum oesophageal connectives

                        d) Nerve cord-( 9ganglia)

                                                I. Thorax ganglia ( 3 in no.)

                                                            (1.Prothorax, 2. Mesothorax, 3. Metathorax)

                                                II. Abdominal ganglia (6 in no.)

            B) Peripheral Nervous system(PNS)

                         From CNS----> a) Supra oesophageal ganglia (Brain)           

I. Antery nerve (to antennae)

                                                II. Optic nerve    (to eyes)

                                                III. Labro-frontal nerve (to labrum & frontal )

                        From CNS----> b) Sub- oesophageal ganglia

                                                I. Medibular nerve (to mandible)

                                                II. Maxilary nerve (to Maxila)

                                                III. Labial nerve (to Labium)

            C) Autonomous Nervous System (4 Ganglia)

  

NERVOUS SYSTEMOF HUMAN

A)   CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) [ Brain and spinal cord ]

·         Mater-

                                    I. Gray mater

                                    II. White mater

·         Maningial Membrane-

                                    I. Dura mater ( Tough mother)

                                    II. Arachnoid mater (Spider’s web)

                                    III. Pia mater (soft mother)

·         Spaces-

                                    I. Subdural space

                                    II.Subarachnoid space

                                    III. Epidural space

·         Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) –

 1.  BRAIN (Encephalon)-

                        a) Forebrain (Prosencephalon):

                                    I. Olfactory lobe (Rhinencephalon)

                                                i. Olfactory bulbs

                                                ii. Olfactory tracts

                                    II. Cerbroum ( Telencephalon- Large brain)

                                                i.Frontal lobe (Anterior lobe)

                                                ii.Parietal lobe (middle lobe)

                                                iii.Occipital lobe (Posterior lobe)

                                                iv. Temporal lobe (Lateral lobe)

                                          On the basis of function—

                                                i. Sensory area

                                                ii. Association area

                                                iii. Motor area

                                    III. Diencephalon (Thalamencephalon)

                                                i.Epithalamus

                                                ii.Thalamus

                                                iii.Hypothalamus

                        b) Mid Brain (Mesencephalon)

                                    I. Corpora Quadrigemina (Optic lobe)

                                    II. Crura cerebri (Cerebral Peduncle)

                                    III. Many Nuclei

                        c) Hind Brain (Rhombencephalon)

                                    I.Cerebelum (Metencephalon—Smoll Brain)

                                    II.Pons Varolii

                                    III.Medulla oblongata (Mylencephalon)

                                     *Ventricles of Brain

                                    i. Lateral ventricle ( I and II ventricle)--- In Cerebral Hemispheres.

                                    ii. Diocoel ( III ventricle)--- -- --------------In Diencephalon.

                                    iii. Metcoel (IV ventricle)-------------------In medulla Oblongata.

2.  SPINAL CORD (Myelin).

·         Conus Medullaris

·         Cauda Equina

·         Filum Terminale

B) PERIPHARAL  NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

            1. Cerebrual Nerve (Cranial Nerves---31 pairs )

No.	NAME  OF NERVE	DISTRIBUTION	FUNCTION
I	Olfactory	Olfactory epithelium of nose	Sense of smell.
II	Optic	Retina of eyes	Sense of light and vision.
III	Occulomotor	Eye muscles (4 in no.)	Movement of eye boll.
IV	Trachalear	Eye muscles (2 in no.)	Rotation of eye boll.
V	Trigeminal (Dentist nerve)	Tongue, Tooth, Touch receptor, Jaws, lower lips	Sense of touch, taste, jaw movement.
VI	Abducens	Lateral muscle of eye boll	Movement of eye.
VII	Facial	Muscles of face, neck, salivary glands	Facial expressions, movement of neck, saliva secretion.
VIII	Auditory	Internal ear	Hearing and equilibrium.
IX	Glossophangeal	Muscles and mucos of pharunx, tongue, salivary gland	Taste, Pharyngeal contraction, salivary secretion.
X	Vagus	Digestive tract, lungs, heart	Visceral sensation and movements
XI	Spinal accessory	Muscles of larynx, pharynx, neck or shoulder	Controls movements of larynx, pharynx, neck or shoulder.
XII	Hypoglossal	Muscles of tongue.	Controls movements of tangue.

            2.  Spinal Nerves :

·        31 pairs of spinal nerve

a.    Cervical    --  8 pairs.

b.    Thoracic    -- 12 pairs.

c.    Lumbar      –  5 pairs.

d.    Sacral        --  5 pairs.

e.    Coccygeal –  1 pairs

TYPES OF NERVE

1.   Sensary Nerve.

2.   Motar Nerve.

3.   Mixed Nerve ( Association Nerve).

               REFLEX ACTION  (formation)

A.    Dorsal root ---------- Ramus dorsalis.

B.    Ventral root --------  Ramus ventralis

C.   Ramus communicance.

Mechanism of Reflex action :

1.    Receptor organ

2.    Sensory neuron (offerent)

3.    Association neuron ( intermediate)

4.    Motor neuron ( effector)

5.    Effectors organ

TYPES OF RECEPTORS:

A.  Exteroreceptors :

1.    Mechanoreceptor---------- (skin)

2.    Thermoreceptor------------ (skin)

3.    Chemoreceptor------------- (Tongue,Nose)

4.    Statoacaustic receptor-----( Internal Ear)

5.    Photoreceptors--------------( Eye)

B.  Interoceptors :

1.    Proproceptor----------------(Muscle of Jaint)

2.    Enteroceptor----------------(Visceral organ)

3.    Baroreceptor----------------( Carotid ortery)

C.  Effecters